TOEFL: New Website is Well Organized and Informative

Have you seen your TOEFL (http://www.toeflgoanywhere.org/universities.php) Website now? You will be amazed by flooded information. The website is so user-friendly and has only few navigational menu.

You may listen to videos under ‘Why the TOEFL test’. The site offers valid tips on ‘Reading’, ‘Writing’, ‘Listening’, ‘Speaking’ under ‘Practice and Tips’ category.

The category ‘Bookmarks’ offers huge amount of information about TOEFL’ under six sub-headings i.e.: Study Abroad; Study Skills; English Learning Resources; Higher education Associations and organizations; Blogs and Forums; and Learning English through Sound and Video.

Under ‘All Universities’ you may refer the names and other data about Universities and Institutions accepting TOEFL test. The list is available by country and by name of University / Institution. It is learned that there are more than 6000 institutions across the globe accept TOEFL test.

The FAQ offers introductory information about TOEFL

Udutu: Web-based Learning Management System (LMS)

Udutu: Web-based E-learning Course Authoring Tools

Udutu is your Web-based Learning Management System (LMS). M/s Udutu, in the recent past, unveiled its web-based e-learning course authoring tools and services at Facebook (http://apps.facebook.com/udututeach/), a social networking Website. This has enabled all corporate, educators and government departments to generate, share and manage effective online learning as well as training at an affordable cost without involving necessary infrastructure or enterprise software.

M/s Udutu was conceived and organized in 2005 after a lengthy academic research. Udutu’s training tools show expertise in subject and content and to meet out this requirements these tools were designed by knowledge experts. Customers include United Nations Department of Economic & Social Affairs, Government of British Columbia, Microsoft, Krystal Food Company etc.

The user-friendly home page has all the information about the website. You will find it easy to navigate the site and access all menus and files. You are free to use and all the learning materials you have created and released on the servers of Udutu will be running with some watermark indications. You are also free to enter into a contract for hosting your content on monthly basis and you will get $1.00 for every screen.

The English language teaching and learning community is yet to exploit this facility to its full potential.

WiZiQ: A State of the Art Virtual Classroom for Learning and Teaching

WiZiQ: A State of the Art Virtual Classroom

WiZiQ will be your favorite virtual class room wherein you can learn and teach. It is open to anyone and every one. The Website extends warm invitation to one and all to teach through state-of-the-art online sessions (both private and public). You may either to choose to teach free of cost or for some honorarium. Its virtual presence brings teachers and students together and the regional and social boundaries are not barriers to learning or teaching.

The WiZiQ Website and Web services were launched and maintained by Sikhya Solutions, LLC. The home page is user-friendly and helps users to identify navigational menu and use them instantly. The pages are attractive and well illustrated. The Website helps the browsers to meet WiZiQ members (both learners and teachers) and it is possible to share topics of interest. The website also allows to access, browse, download or upload file contents related to your topics. Most of them are usually power-point presentations. The site, with its intuitive interface, even allows organizing sessions with either a single learner or a group. The site also helps to:

1. Maintain contacts between learners and teachers;
2. Send e mail invitations to you from WiZiQ;
3. Arrange meetings between people with similar interests;
4. Exchange educational content among members;
5. Access, download and or upload and or exchange content in virtual classrooms;
6. Access sessions equipped with live audio or video;
7. Access back-up files of all your sessions;
8. Actively participate in online sessions engaged by subject experts;
9. Save cost and time of teachers and learners;
10. Run all Web based software online and there is absolutely no need to download files or OS from the site. It is compatible to all OS;
11. Use all facilities and teaching aids independently with all privileges by any participant; and
12. Search all archive sessions for any requirements.

Now your virtual classroom is few clicks away.

Vocabulary is Fun: Quick means of building Vocabulary Skills

Vocabulary is Fun: Challenging Word Games to build Vocabulary skills

Fun lovers always wish take challenges. ‘Vocabulary is Fun’, the most familiar Website, is posing a challenge to vocabulary builders with its excellent flash based online word games. The Website was developed for Time4Learning by Jacob Richman.

The site is well organized and provides more user-friendly home page. The Web pages listed under: Listening; Vocabulary Building; Vocabulary Exercises; Speaking Vocabulary Word are accessible through helpful navigational menus. The flash effect makes the site more colorful and attractive. You will love to spend more time here.

You are free to access any vocabulary word game including word search, online cross word puzzle including clueless cross word, word match, quiz, ‘Hang mouse’ (Hangman online), unscramble and letterbox. Building vocabulary is recommended to all age groups. For this purpose some may prefer to read books, some other may engage in programmed learning tools, and most of them may prefer to listening audio and video cassettes. Vocabulary word games make you to grasp more number of words at a short interval. Every game will be challenging and will surely tease your brain. It will hone your vocabulary skills.

The vocabulary games include an online word search, an online crossword puzzle, and hangman online (called HangMouse). Users choose the vocabulary list that the word game will use. The games can be used on smart boards for to build vocabulary skills in the classroom.

I have attempted few vocabulary games. They are really tough and challenging. I personally consider this site will be immensely useful to all fun lovers

Choptalk: A Word Game from TeachitWorld

Choptalk: A word Game

Fig.1 Choptalk Window showing jumbled word string

Are you interested in putting back the text string that is broken into jumbled chunks by Choptalk? It will be challenging. Choptalk lets you to enter a text string of your choice. The word puzzler breaks the string into chunks and jumble the chunked pieces. As a learner you are expected to put back the pieces into its original form. This is what the challenge Choptalk has for you.

Choptalk is a word game program from Teachitworld. It alerts your brain and makes you to think possible English word combinations. It hones your spelling and punctuation skills. The problem will be teasing and testing your patience. Once if you have finished successfully you can be proud of your skills. More and more work outs will improve your language skills. Now you may appreciate yourself.

How to register with Choptalk? Is there any subscription? Teachitworld allows only registered subscribers to use Choptalk. However Choptalk offers a challenging session for people to glue together the jumbled text strings from a familiar political speech. You are expected to know that who delivered the speech, the place at which it was made and on what date. Once if you are successful, you may win one year subscription free of cost.

Now you may try a free sample word workout

Tongue Twisters in English

Tongue Twisters: Simple Phrases

What are tongue twisters? Simply it is a phrase. It is designed to make you understand pronunciation and accent. Yes. You might have undergone the difficult phase of repeating the tongue twisters to improve your pronunciation and accent during your school days. According to Oxford English Dictionary, tongue twister is "a sequence of words, often alliterative, difficult to articulate quickly." Another definition from answer.com explains tongue twister as 'a word or group of words difficult to articulate rapidly, usually because of a succession of similar consonantal sounds ...' 'It is an expression that is difficult to articulate clearly.' In the opinion of Wikipedia, 'tongue-twisters may rely on similar but distinct phonemes, unfamiliar constructs in loanwords, or other features of a language.' 

Repetition

Most of the tongue-twisters employ a combination of alliteration and rhyme. You may notice the sequences of sounds repeats two to three times with a change in sequences. Consider this example,

'She sells sea shells on the sea shore.
The shells that she sells are sea shells I'm sure.'

Spoonerisms

Named after the British scholar Reverend William Archibald Spooner, the Spoonerism is an inadvertent transposition of the sounds of two words - usually the initial sounds - especially such a transposition that turns out to produce an interesting or amusing result. Consider the following example:

It is kiss to mary to cuss the bride.

My Tongue Twister Collection

I collected a set of tongue twisters to people who are interested to learn and practice. Under reference I have given useful Websites on tongue twister.

1) Can you imagine an imaginary menagerie manager imagining managing an imaginary menagerie?

2) Fresh fried fish,

Fish fresh fried,

Fried fish fresh,

Fish fried fresh.

Freshly fried fresh flesh.

3) Give papa a cup of proper coffee in a copper coffee cup.

4) Good blood, bad blood.

5) How many saws could a see-saw saw if a see-saw could saw saws?

6) If two witches would watch two watches
 Which witch would watch which watch?

 

7) Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better.

8) Lily ladles little Letty's lentil soup.

9) My dame hath a lame tame crane,
 My dame hath a crane that is lame.

10) Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

11) Red leather, yellow leather.
 

12) Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry.

13) Say this sharply, say this sweetly,
 Say this shortly, say this softly.

 Say this sixteen times in succession.

14) She sells six sea shells on the sea shore
 The shells that she sells are sea shells I'm sure.

So if she sells sea shells on the sea shore,

I'm sure that the shells are sea shore shells.

Six thick thistle sticks. Six thick thistles stick.

Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets.

15) Swan swam over the sea,

Swim, swan, swim!

Swan swam back again

Well swum, swan! 

16) The crow flew over the

river with a lump of raw liver.

17) Which witch wished which wicked wish?

18) Who washed Washington's white woolen underwear

when Washington's washer woman went west?

[Note: I have selected the tongue twisters from the Websites shown below]

Useful Websites on Tongue Twisters:

1) The Tongue Twister Database http://www.geocities.com/athens/8136/tonguetwisters.html

2) English Tongue Twisters http://www.uebersetzung.at/twister/en.htm

3) Tongue Twisters http://edahellocircle.homestead.com/toungetwisters.html

4) http://www.answers.com/topic/tongue-twister

5) en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue-twister -

6) 1st International Collection of Tongue Twisters - 2712 examples in 107 languages as of September 4, 2006

7) alphaDictionary's Tongue Twisters from Around the World

8) Collection of Popular Tongue Twisters

9) The Tongue Twister Database

Fun with Palindrome

Palindrome is Formed for Fun

The word 'PALINDROME' comes from the Greek word palindromos, which means 'running back again'. A palindrome is a word or sentence or even complete poem which is spelled the same backwards and forwards.

Early palindromes reverse the sentences and not the letters. 'Madam, I'm Adam' is one of the best known palindromes. You must ignore all spaces and punctuations. Here are some good palindromes from KeithEnevoldsen's Think Zoneword fun:

1) are we not drawn onward, we few, drawn onward to new era?

2) cigar? Toss it in a can. It is so tragic.

3) desserts, i stressed

4) dog, as a devil deified, lived as a god.

5) do geese see god?

6) dogma? I am god.

7) drab as a fool, aloof as a bard.

8) draw, o coward

9) ma is as selfless as i am.

10) madam, in eden, i'm adam.

11) never odd or even.

12) no sir, prefer prison.

13) niagara, o roar again.

14) so many dynamos.

15) senile felines.

16) ten animals i slam in a net.

17) straw? No, too stupid a fad. I put soot on warts.

18) was it a cat i saw?

Consider few interesting palindromes. The list is compiled for your amusement. Can you add some more?

1) boob
2) civic
3) civic
4) deed
5) deed
6) deified
7) ewe
8) eye
9) level
10) madam
11) noon
12) nun
13) peep
14) pip
15) pop
16) racecar
17) radar
18) redivider
19) refer
22) repaper
20) rotator
21) rotor
22) sagas
23) sees
24) sexes
25) stats
26) toot
27) tot
28) wow

A palindrome is not necessarily a single word. Words like DAM, DOG, EVIL, LOOP, LOOT, NET and STRAW (which read MAD, GOD, EVIL, LIVE, POOL, TOOL, TEN and WARTS backwards) are not themselves palindromes but the following 'word phrases' are palindromes:

1) dam mad,
2) dog god,
3) live evil,
4) loop pool,
5) loot tool,
6) net ten and
7) straw warts

Today there are many funny palindromes in English and most people know a few.

Some links to Web pages devoted to palindromes:

1) http://www.palindromelist.com/
2) http://www.fun-with-words.com/palindromes.html
3) http://www.mockok.com/(specializes in single-sentence palindromes)
4) http://members.aol.com/gulfhigh2/words
5.html(specializes in one-word palindromes)

[ Palindrome includes funny words, phrases and sentences. Often the word groups are formulated for fun sake. So except fun and amusement, palindromes serves less or no purpose]

[I have compiled the palindromes from conventional dictionaries and Websites mentioned above]

Reduplicated Word Forms in English

Repetitive Compound Words 

Have you ever come across peculiar repetitive compound words, chit-chat or hanky-panky? You might be. Why we prefer to use these repetitive compound words? May be for the musical rhyming sequences. These compound words are sounding different. The terms you are using are for the sake of rhyme, repetition, and rhythm, and not for grammar. 

Three Types of English Compound Words

Lexicographers and language experts have recognized these word repetition or reduplication and sorted them out using its form. In Standard English you will find only three types of repetitive compound words: the simple 'Duplicative Type', 'Alliterative Type' - those with vowel gradation; and the 'Rhyming Type'. Most English grammars will attest to this fact of language. Repetition of words has become well-established, well-recognized and are well-accepted in spoken or written English.

For example consider the example hanky-panky but, there rhymes in this compound word. In the other example chit-chat, you find rhyming; however you notice the occurrence same consonants and different vowels. In some other word repetitions you may come across exact duplication of the initial word. Let me show you what I mean.

Duplicative Type - Repetitive Compound words: Rhythmic word formation. Consider following examples for its rhythm:

1) ack-ack - anti aircraft fire
2) aye-aye - yes (often used by seamen)
3) bang-bang - sound of a gun
4) beriberi - disease caused by vitamin B deficiency
5) bonbon - a sweet
6) boo-boo - a blunder
7) bye-bye – goodbye
8) cha-cha - Latin ballroom dance
9) choo-choo - train, or sound of the train
10) chop chop - quickly (from pidgin English)
11) froufrou - elaborate (usually of a dress)
12) goody goody - someone virtuous or smug
13) ha-ha - the sound of laughter
14) hush hush – confidential
15) muumuu - loose, bright Hawaiian dress
16) night-night – goodnight
17) no-no – forbidden
18) papa – father
19) pawpaw - papaya

Do you find any change between the two word components? No. You find that the initial word is simply duplicated. There is no rhyming, but repetition of identical constituents for the sake of rhythm.

Alliterative Type - Repetitive Compound words: Another peculiar word formation. Consider following examples for yet another peculiarity.

1) chit-chat - gossipy talk
2) clip clop - sound of a horse’s hooves
3) criss-cross - a pattern of lines that cross each other
4) dilly-dally - to loiter
5) ding-dong - the sound of a bell
6) flim-flam – foolishness
7) flip-flop - this has several meanings, including a backward somersault and a sandal with a piece between the toes
8) hip-hop - type of music
9) knick-knack – trinket
10) mish-mash - a confused mixture
11) ping pong - table tennis
12) pitter-patter - a light, tapping sound
13) riff-raff - rabble; people who are worthless
14) riprap - broken stones on water used to protect riverbanks
15) see-saw - a piece of wood with a central balance which allows it to move up and down
16) shilly-shally - to hesitate
17) tick tock - sound of a clock
18) tittle-tattle - chat, gossip
19) zigzag - sharp turns in alternating directions

Is there rhyming? Yes. You might have noticed that these compound words do not rhyme in the usual way. Have you noticed that the two components of these words have same consonants? Yes you agree. Then what makes the difference? Yes the vowels alone are replaced. So they are alliterative i.e. the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables.

Rhyming Type - Repetitive Compound words: This peculiar word formation is for the sake of rhyming. Consider following examples:
1) airy-fairy - unrealistic; light and delicate
2) argy-bargy - verbal dispute
3) artsy-fartsy - pretentiously artistic (also arty-farty)
4) boo hoo - crying sound
5) boogie-woogie - piano jazz style
6) bow-wow - the sound of a dog
7) easy-peasy - very easy
8) fuddy-duddy - conservative or dull person
9) hanky-panky - suspicious behavior
10) heebie-jeebies – nervousness
11) helter-skelter – haphazard
12) higgledy-piggledy – muddled
13) hocus-pocus - trickery; a magician’s incantation
14) hodge-podge - a confused mixture
15) hoity-toity – haughty
16) itsy-bitsy – tiny
17) jeepers creepers - exclamation of surprise
18) mumbo-jumbo - derogatory reference to a religious or spiritual ritualnamby-pamby - feeble, weak
19) nitty gritty - the facts
20) okey-dokey – OK
21) super-duper - very pleasing
22) willy-nilly - whether it’s wanted or not

You may notice that the initial word is repeated identically except for the first letter. Are you able to feel the rhyming? You may notice rhyming in poetry. You might have noticed, while first component of these words would occur at the end of the first line of poetry, the second component could complete in the next line.

Tautonym Type - Repetitive Compound words: Wikipedia reports yet another category of repetitive compound words. What is Tautonym? 'A tautonym is a binomial scientific name in which the name of the genus and that of the species (referred to as the specific epithet in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and the specific name in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature) are identical.

Tautonymy (i.e., the usage of tautonyms) is permissible in zoological nomenclature but tautonyms are considered illegitimate under the current nomenclature rules for botanical nomenclature. You may refer the big

list of tautonyms. Consider the examples: Mammals:
1) Gorilla gorilla (Western Gorilla)
2) Hyaena hyaena (Striped Hyena)
3) Jiges Jiges (Black Rabbit)
4) Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox)
Birds
1) Bubo bubo (Eurasian Eagle Owl)
2) Grus grus (Common Crane)
3) Guira guira (Guira Cuckoo)
4) Luscinia luscinia (Thrush Nightingale)
Reptiles
1) Cerastes cerastes (desert horned viper)
2) Hypnale hypnale (hump-nosed viper)
3) Naja naja (Indian cobra)
4) Natrix natrix (grass snake)
Fish
1) Catla catla (catla)
2) Chaca chaca (frogmouth catfish)
3) Hippocampus hipocampus (European seahorse)
4) Pristis pristis (common sawfish)
Thomas M. Paikeday reports the availability of the published reference resources on this subject:

Two standard works on reduplicated words and syllables are:

1) Henry B. Wheatley, Dictionary of Reduplicated Words in the English Language (London, 1866) and
2) Nils Thun, Reduplicated Words in English (Uppsala, 1963).

Lists thousands of iterative words from Old English turtur (= turtle dove) through Middle English cuccu (= cuckoo) to Modern English. The Modern English words with identical reduplication as in tick-tick run into the hundreds, from agar-agar, aye-aye, and bah-bah to wow-wow, yak-yak, and zoo-zoo (dialect word for "wood pigeon"). Most of the list is drawn from the unabridged Oxford English Dictionary (1884 - 1928), its 1933 Supplement, and Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary (1896 - 1905).

Paikeday also repots about the computer check of the 1989 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary shows over 10,000 iterative words, from Absalom, Absalom and Aye, aye to yo-yo and zero-zero.

Please Refer the Websites for further learning (including examples):
1) http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pp...2) http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords...
3) http://www.bartleby.com/81/14185.html

Source:
1) List of tautonyms Wikipedia http://wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tautonyms
2) Reduplication Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduplication
3) Thomas M. Paikeday http://www.paikeday.net/trademarkaffidavitspage3.htm

List of Words of Hindu Religious Origin

Hinduism and its Wisdom

Over the period of time Hinduism, an ancient religion from India, have passed their wisdom to the entire world. The Western countries in general and the English speaking countries in particular have duly recognized the value of this oriental wisdom known as ‘Vedas’. The ancient Sanskrit Vedic texts include Vedic Astronomy, Vedic Mathematics, Vedic Philosophy, Astrology, Ayurveda and so on. In the recent past western countries are showing enormous interest in Ashtanga Yoga (or its other derivative forms), Bhagavad-Gita, Bharata Natyam, Classical Music and of course our spices and cookery.

British Raj and Colonial Missionary

One could trace the history of English vocabulary from the history of British relationships with other cultures. Around 1610s the Christian missionaries adopted bilingualism to preach their religion. Biligualism means functional relationship between languages. The relationship of English with Hindi, Urdu and sanskrit was willingly legitimized by prominent spokesmen in India. In due course these spokesmen in India thought that English would open the way for people to find out about scientific developments of the West. In the mean time colonial English lexicographers have started to adopt words mostly associated with Hindu Religion into English. The Oxford English Dictionary did the pioneering job in compilation of Hindi words. Then the Urdu words got adopted into English. Sanskrit words, a divine language always associated with holy Hindu literature, were adopted later. The list of Sanskrit words compiled with the purpose to communicate the apt meaning to those who does not have familiarity with Hinduism and India.

I have compiled 108 words. The list is partial and not complete. I have used the dictionaries mentioned under ‘source’. If some one is interested in adding some more, they are most welcome.

1) Acura (n) Acarya (Sometimes Spelled Acharya In English) (n) Sanskrit A Preceptor, Instructor; Cf. Guru
2) Aditya (n) Sanskrit Āditya, The Vedic Sun God.
3) Agni (n) Sanskrit Agnih, Which Means "Fire".
4) Ahimsa (n) (Sanskrit) the Hindu and Buddhist doctrine of refraining from harming any living being
5) Amrita (n) Sanskrit Amrtam, Nectar Of Everlasting Life.
6) Annapurna (n) (Sanskrit) 1. Consort Of Shiva 2. Highest peak 26,504 feet (8078 meters)
7) Antarloka (n) "Inner or In-Between World."
8) Anubhava (n) Anubhava Direct Perception; Personal Spiritual Experience.
9) Arya (n) Sanskrit Ārya. Arya (Aryan): One Who Is An Arya-Literally, "One Who Strives Upward." Both Arya And Aryan Are Exclusively Psychological Terms Having Nothing Whatsoever To Do With Birth, Race, Or Nationality. In His Teachings Buddha Habitually Referred To Spiritually Qualified People As "The Aryas." Although In English Translations We Find The Expressions: "The Four Noble Truths," And "The Noble Eightfold Path," Buddha Actually Said: "The Four Aryan Truths," And "The Eightfold Aryan Path." Aryan
10) Asana (n) Sanskrit asana manner of sitting any of various yogic postures
11) Ashram (n) Sanskrit, 1: a secluded dwelling of a Hindu sage ; also : the group of disciples instructed there 2: a religious retreat
12) Asura (n) Sanskrit A-Sura, Which Means "Negation Of Sura God ", Ie Someone Who Have Demonish Qualities Or Someone Who Is Against God .
13) Atma (n) The Essential Divinity, Or Light Of Consciousness, In Each Individual; Often Translated Into English As “Self”. See Brahman.
14) Aum/Om, (n) Sanskrit a mantra consisting of the sound \\ˈōm\\ and used in contemplation of ultimate reality
15) Avatar (n) Sanskrit 1: the incarnation of a Hindu deity (as Vishnu)2 a: an incarnation in human form b: an embodiment (as of a concept or philosophy) often in a person
16) Ayurveda (n) Sanskrit āyurvedaḥ, from āyuḥ life, vital power + vedaḥ knowledge. A form of holistic alternative medicine that is the traditional system of medicine of India
17) Bhagavad-Gita (n) Sanskrit Bhagavadgītā, literally, song of the blessed one (Krishna). A Hindu devotional work in poetic form
18) Bhakti (n) Sanskrit devotion to a deity constituting a way to salvation in Hinduism
19) Bodily Humor (n) Anglo-saxon a fluid or juice of an animal or plant; specifically: one of the four fluids entering into the constitution of the body and determining by their relative proportions a person's health and temperament. An English Equivalent Of The Ayurvedic Term Dosha, Which Names Three Fundamental Interbalancing Principles Or Constituents Of The Human Constitution.
20) Brahma (n) Sanskrit brahman 1 : the creator god of the Hindu sacred triad — compare shiva , vishnu 2 : the ultimate ground of all being in Hinduism
21) Brahman (n) Sanskrit brāhmaṇa 1 a: a Hindu of the highest caste traditionally assigned to the priesthood; 3 usually Brahmin : a person of high social standing and cultivated intellect and taste.
22) Brahman (n) 1 (also Brahmin) a member of the highest Hindu caste, that of the priesthood. 2 (also Brahma) the ultimate reality underlying all phenomena in the Hindu scriptures.23) Caste (n) 1 Latin castus each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status. 2 any exclusive social class.
24) Chakra (n) Sanskrit cakra. any of several points of physical or spiritual energy in the human body according to yoga philosophy
25) Chariot (n) a two-wheeled horse-drawn battle car of ancient times used also in processions and races
26) Chukker (n) Sanskrit Cakra, Hindi Chakkar, A Circle, A Wheel
27) Deva, Diva (n) Sanskrit Deva, Which Means "A God". Diva Means Day Like In Divakara, Sun Who Makes The Day.
28) Devi (n) Sanskrit Devi, Which Means "A Goddess".
29) Dharma (n) 1Hinduism : an individual's duty fulfilled by observance of custom or law 2Hinduism & Buddhism a: the basic principles of cosmic or individual existence : divine law b: conformity to one's duty and nature
30) Diwali (n) a Hindu festival with lights, held in October and November to celebrate the end of the monsoon.
31) Elixir: (n) a (1): a substance held capable of changing base metals into gold (2): a substance held capable of prolonging life indefinitely b (1): cure-all (2): a medicinal concoction
32) Fakir (n) Arabic faqīr b: an itinerant Hindu ascetic or wonder-worker
33) Ganesh (n) Via Hindi Gaŋeś Ultimately From Sanskrit Gaŋeśa.34) Guru (n) Sanskrit 1: a personal religious teacher and spiritual guide in Hinduism35) Hanuman (n) Through Hindi From Sanskrit Hanuman, A Kind Of Small Monkey, Hindu God.
36) Hare Krishna (n) Hindi. A member of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness, a religious sect based on the worship of the Hindu god Krishna.
37) Himalaya (n) Sanskrit Himalayah, Which Means "Place Of Snow".Mountains S Asia on border between India & Tibet & in Kashmir, Nepal, & Bhutan
38) Hindi (n) Hindi Hind, 1 : a literary and official language of northern India 2 : a complex of Indo-Aryan languages and dialects of northern India for which Hindi is the usual literary language
39) Hindu (n) Persian Hindu a follower of Hinduism. 1 : an adherent of Hinduism 2 : a native or inhabitant of India40) Indra (n) A Prominent Vedic God, In Charge Of Rain And Thunder.41) Jungle (n) Sanskrit Jangala-S, Hindi Jangal 1 a: an impenetrable thicket or tangled mass of tropical vegetation b: a tract overgrown with thickets or masses of vegetation
42) Kali (n) Sanskrit Kali. the Hindu goddess of death and destruction
43) Kama Sutra (n) Sanskrit Kāma Sutra, Which Means Kāma "Desire" And Sutra.
44) Karma (n) Sanskrit Karman 1. often capitalized : the force generated by a person's actions held in Hinduism and Buddhism to perpetuate transmigration and in its ethical consequences to determine the nature of the person's next existence
45) Krishna (n) Sanskrit Krshnah a deity or deified hero of later Hinduism worshipped as an incarnation of Vishnu46) Kshatriya (n) Sanskrit kṣatriya a Hindu of an upper caste traditionally assigned to governing and military occupations
47) Kumkum (n) a red pigment used by Hindu women to make a mark on the forehead.
48) Loka (n) Sanskrit "World, Habitat, Realm, or Plane of Existence." Self: The Nearest English Equivalent of the Sanskrit Word “Atman”, the Essential Divinity of an Individual.
49) Mahabharata (n) Sanskrit Mahābhāratam, Great Epic - Story Of The Bhāratas.
50) Maharishi (n) Sanskrit maha̱rṣi 1. A great Hindu sage or spiritual leader 2. A Hindu teacher of mystical knowledge.
51) Mahatma (n) Sanskrit Mahatman 1 : a person to be revered for high-mindedness, wisdom, and selflessness
52) Manas (n) Polynesian origin "Mind" L. Mens, Mentis (Mental; Mint, "Think") 1 : the power of the elemental forces of nature embodied in an object or person
53) Mandala (n) Sanskrit Mandala 1: a Hindu or Buddhist graphic symbol of the universe ; specifically : a circle enclosing a square with a deity on each side that is used chiefly as an aid to meditation
54) Mantra (n) Sanskrit Mantra-S a mystical formula of invocation or incantation (as in Hinduism) (Mantra, "A Repeated Word" E.G. Om/Aum)
55) Manu (n) Sanskrit The progenitor of the human race and giver of the religious laws of Manu according to Hindu mythology
56) Maya (n) Sanskrit Maya the sense-world of manifold phenomena held in Vedanta to conceal the unity of absolute being
57) Mitra (n) Sanskrit Mitrah, Which Means "A Friend".
58) Moksha (n) Sanskrit Moksha, Liberation From The Cycle Of Death And Rebirth.
59) Namaste (n) Sanskrit Namas-Te, Hindi "Bowing To You".
60) Nirvana (n) Sanskrit Nirvana-S 1: the final beatitude that transcends suffering, karma, and samsara and is sought especially in Buddhism through the extinction of desire and individual consciousness
61) Palanquin (n) Through Malay And Javanese Palangki Ultimately From Sanskrit Palyanka-S, a conveyance formerly used especially in eastern Asia usually for one person that consists of an enclosed litter borne on the shoulders of men by means of poles
62) Pandit (n) Hindi paṇḍit, from Sanskrit paṇḍita 1. A Hindu scholar learned in Sanskrit and Hindu philosophy and religion. 2. a wise or learned man in India —often used as an honorary title also Pundit
63) Parvati (n) Sanskrit Pārvati, Which Means "A Mountain River" Or The Daughter Of Parvataraja, The Himalaya Mountain, Also Consort Of Lord Shiva.
64) Pipal (n) Sanskrit Pippalam, Hindi large long-lived fig (Ficus religiosa) of India
65) Prakrit (n) Sanskrit Prakrta any or all of the ancient Indo-Aryan languages or dialects other than Sanskrit
66) Pukka (n) Hindi Pakkā Meaning "Cooked", Ultimately From Sanskrit Pakva.
67) Pundit (n) see pandit
68) Purana (n) Sanskrit Puranah, one of a class of Hindu sacred writings chiefly from a.d. 300 to a.d. 750 comprising popular myths and legends and other traditional lore
69) Raga (n) Hindi Sanskrit Rāgah, 1 : one of the ancient traditional melodic patterns or modes in Indian music 2 : an improvisation based on a traditional raga
70) Rajoguna: (n) Sanskrit One Of The Three Aspects Of Component Traits Of Cosmic Energy; The Principle Of Dynamism In Nature Bringing About All Changes; Through This Is Projected The Relative Appearance Of The Absolute As The Universe; This Quality Generates Passion And Restlessness.
71) Rajput (n) Hindi & Urdu rajut, from Sanskrit rajaputra a member of a dominant military caste of northern India
72) Rama (n) Sanskrit Ramah a deity or deified hero of later Hinduism worshipped as an avatar of Vishnu – Rama the Hero of Ramayan – Prince Ayoddhi (Kingdom)
73) Ramayana (n) Sanskrit Rāmāyanam, Which Means "The Gait Of Rama". A Holy Narrative of Lord Rama.
74) Rice (n) Via Old French And Italian From Latin Oriza, Which Is From Greek Oryza, Through An Indo-Iranian Tongue Finally From Sanskrit Vrihi-S "Rice", Tamil Origin Is Also Possible. Tamil Word Is "Arisi” the starchy seeds of an annual southeast Asian cereal grass (Oryza sativa) that are cooked and used for food ; also : this cereal grass that is widely cultivated in warm climates for its seeds and by-products
75) Rigveda (n) Sanskrit Rigveda, "Knowledge Of Praise".
76) Rishi, (n) Sanskrit A Sage
77) Rudra (n) Sanskrit, Lord Sivah.
78) Sadhu (n) Sanskrit Sādhu. a usually Hindu mendicant ascetic79) Samadhi (n) Sanskrit Samadhi, "Putting Together".
80) Samsara (n) Sanskrit Samsara "Passing Through". the indefinitely repeated cycles of birth, misery, and death caused by karma
81) Sandhi (n) Sanskrit Samdhih, Sanskrit saṁdhi, literally, placing together modification of the sound of a morpheme (as a word or affix) conditioned by syntactic context in which it is uttered
82) Sanskrit (n) Sanskrit saṁskṛta, literally, perfected, from sam together + karoti he makes "Put Together, Well-Formed". 1 : an ancient Indo-Aryan language that is the classical language of India and of Hinduism 2 : classical Sanskrit together with the older Vedic and various later modifications of classical Sanskrit83) Sarasvati (n) Sanskrit Sarasvati, Name Of A Holy Stream. Hindu goddess
84) Sattva (n) Sanskrit Sattvah, "Truth".
85) Shatam (n) Sanskrit "Hundred"=L. Centum (Cent, Century, Centime)
86) Shiva Or Siva (n) Through Hindi Ultimately From Sanskrit Sivah, the god of destruction and regeneration in the Hindu sacred triad — compare brahma , vishnu
87) Siddha (n) Sanskrit Siddhah, Which Means "Achieved, Accomplished". Siddhi Literally Means Absolute Or Total Understanding; Enlightenment (A State Of Being "Buddha", Also Called "Siddha"). Additionally, The Word Is Frequently (Siddhis In Plural) Used To Mean The Paranormal Powers Possessed By Saints, Mystics, Mantriks, And Tantriks. The Word Is Accepted In New English Oxford Dictionary
88) Sparsa: (n) Sanskrit Sparsa Touch.
89) Sudra (n) Sanskrit a member of the worker caste, lowest of the four Hindu castes.
90) Sutra (n) Sanskrit sūtra precept, literally, thread Sutram "A Rule". 1: a precept summarizing Vedic teaching ; also : a collection of these precepts2: one of the discourses of the Buddha that constitute the basic text of Buddhist scripture
91) Svastika, (n) Sanskrit "Cross Of Good Fortune, Auspicious Sign", Akin To Svasti, A Salutation Meaning "Be Well" see Swastika
92) Swami (n) Hindi svāmī, from Sanskrit svāmin owner, lord, from sva one's own 1: a Hindu ascetic or religious teacher ; specifically : a senior member of a religious order —used as a title2: one that resembles or emulates a swami
93) Swastika see Svastika
94) Tamas: (n) Sanskrit Tamas Ignorance; Inertia; Darkness; Perishability.
95) Tantra (n) Sanskrit, literally, warp, from tanoti he stretches, weaves 1. One of the later Hindu or Buddhist scriptures dealing especially with techniques and rituals including meditative and sexual practices; also: the rituals or practices outlined in the tantra 2. Refers To A Hindu Or Buddhist Spiritual Sadhana That Is Performed Using Yantra, Mantra, And Specific Rituals.
96) Tat (n) Sanskrit "That"
97) Tva (n) Sanskrit "You"=L. Tu/Te/Tua, Fr. Toi (Thou, Thee)
98) Untouchable (n) a member of the lowest-caste Hindu group
99) Upanishad (n) Sanskrit upaniṣad 1. Each of a series of Hindu sacred books written in Sanskrit and explaining the philosophy introduced in the Veda. 2. one of a class of Vedic treatises dealing with broad philosophic problems
100) Vaisya (n) a member of the third of the four Hindu castes, comprising merchants and farmers.
101) Varuna (n) Sanskrit Varunah, The Lord Of Oceans.
102) Veda (n) Sanskrit, literally, knowledge 1. Any of four canonical collections of hymns, prayers, and liturgical formulas that comprise the earliest Hindu sacred writings 2. A generic name for the most ancient Indian sacred literature, i.e. The Rg-Veda, Yajur-Veda, Sama-Veda and Atharva-Veda. Each Of These Books Is Divided Into Two Portions, Mantra And Brahmana. The Term Veda Is Generally Reserved For The Mantras Or Metrical Hymns, Especially Those Of The Rg-Veda. Sri Aurobindo Has Translated and/Or Commented On Many of the Vedic Hymns. Most Of His Writings Related To The Vedas Have Been Collected In Volumes And Of The Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library (SABCL), The Secret Of The Veda, And Hymns To The Mystic Fire.
103) Vedanta (n) Sanskrit Vedanta, literally, end of the Veda, from Veda + anta end 1. An orthodox system of Hindu philosophy developing especially in a qualified monism the speculations of the Upanishads on ultimate reality and the liberation of the soul 2. A Hindu philosophy based on the teachings of the Upanishads.
104) Vimana (n) Sanskrit Vimana Meaning Plane, Also Referred To The Top Of The Temple Tower, Sanctum Santorum.
105) Vishnu (n) Sanskrit Vishnu the preserver god of the Hindu sacred triad — compare brahma , shiva.
106) Vritra (n) Sanskrit A Snake-Demon And The Leader Of The Danavas.
107) Yoga (n) Sanskrit, literally, yoking, from yunakti he yokes 1 capitalized : a Hindu theistic philosophy teaching the suppression of all activity of body, mind, and will in order that the self may realize its distinction from them and attain liberation2: a system of exercises for attaining bodily or mental control and well-being
108) Yogi Sanskrit yogin, from yoga 1: a person who practices yoga 2. capitalized : an adherent of Yoga philosophy3: a markedly reflective or mystical person
Source:
1) AskOxford: Free online dictionary resources from Oxford University http;//www.askoxford.com/
2) Compact Oxford English Dictionary of Current English http;//www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-861022-x?view=ask
3) Hindu English Dictionary a Wisdom Archive on Hindu English Dictionary Http://Www.Experiencefestival.Com/Hindu English Dictionary/Page/
4) Language in India http://www.languageinindia.com/may2003/annika.html
5) List Of English Words Of Sanskrit Origin Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/List_Of_English_Words_Of_Sanskrit_Origin
6) List Of Hindu Deities Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/List_Of_Hindu_Deities
7) Merriam-Webster Online search - http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arya
8) Sanskrit http://www.geocities.com/sanskritpuns99/sanskrit.html

Compound Verbs in English

Concept of Compound Verb

As you all know that the verb is considered as the most important part in a sentence. The verb asserts something about the subject of the given sentence and it communicates actions, events, or states of being. Mostly we require only one verb to communicate some ideas. For example the words Come, Sit, Speak, Go, See and Remain represents an action, event or state of being. However in most of the times we require a compound verb to communicate some concepts. The term compound verb was first used in publication in Grattan and Gurrey's Our Living Language (1925). (Wikipedia).

Auxiliary Verb

The compound verb comprises the main verb and one or more auxiliary or helping verbs. The auxiliary verb does not express an action. Instead it joins a word or words in the predicate to the subject. Wikipedia calls compound verb as "complex predicate", since it is the critical element of the predicate of a sentence. Some of the more common linking verbs are forms of be:

Am, are, is, was, were

Common Auxiliary Verb

There are certain other verbs which does mere linking job. For example: appear, feel, look, seem, smell and taste. These can be used as either linking or action verbs. Even if you replace with are, is, was and were can be used as main verb as well as auxiliary verb.

1) Appear
a) Giri appears before court (action verb)
b) Giri appears puzzled or Giri is puzzled (linking verb)
2) Feel
a) Giri feels heat (action verb)
b) Giri feels curious or Giri is curious (linking verb)
3) Look
a) Giri looks handsome (action verb)
b) Giri looks fresh or Giri is fresh (linking verb)
4) Seem
a) Giri seems knowledgeable (action verb)
b) Giri seems poised or Giri is poised (linking verb)
5) Smell
a) Giri smells polluted air (action verb)
b) Food smells fresh or Food is fresh (linking verb)
6) Taste
a) Giri tastes the apple (action verb)
b) Apple tastes sweet or Apple is sweet (linking verb)

Verb Tenses

The main verb always expresses an action and the auxiliary verb is used specifically with the verb in order to create the many of the tenses available in English. Consider the following examples:

1) Giri had visited this place before.
2) Giri has been visiting this place for the past six months.
3) Giri may visit your place soon.
4) Giri would never stop

In the above examples you may easily identify the compound verb and the tenses expressed by them. In the first example main verb visited and the single auxiliary verb had together forms this compound verb expression ‘had visited.’ In the second the main verb ‘visiting’ and two auxiliary verbs has been together forms another compound verb expression ‘has been visiting.’ Note the compound verb expression ‘may visit’ in the third example. In the fourth example the word ‘never’ falls between the auxiliary verb ‘would’ and the main verb ‘stop.’

A verb has certain principal parts to express tense. Consider the example the verb ‘visit’ has:

1) ‘visit’ (present tense);
2) ‘visited’ (past tense);
3) ‘will visit’ (future tense)
4) ‘has visited’ or ‘have visited’ (past participle); (always require the auxiliary verb ‘has’, ‘have’ or ‘had’
5) ‘to visit’ (infinitive verb)
6) ‘visiting (present participle)
7) ‘has visited’ or ‘have visited’ (present perfect) (expresses an action that began at some time in the past and has now ended)
8) ‘had visited’ (past perfect) (expresses an action that began and ended in the past)
9) ‘will have visited’ or ‘shall have visited’ (future perfect) (expresses an action that began in the past and will end at a definite time in the future)

Phrasal Verb

Phrasal Verb is the verb complex consisting of a combination of:

1) verb and preposition (Prepositional Verbs), Example: Look after
2) verb and adverb (Adverbial Verbs), example: highlight, fine tune, foul mouth
3) verb with both an adverb and a preposition.

The adverb or preposition which follows the verb is usually called a particle. You may notice that the particle changes the meaning of the phrasal verb. You will find different meaning of the phrasal verb which is entirely different from the meaning of the original verb. For example consider meanings verb ‘look’ (see) and prepositional Verbs.

1) Look after = Take care
2) Look back = Think about the past
3) Look down on = Have a low opinion off
4) Look for = Try to find
5) Look forward to = Wait for or anticipate something pleasant
6) Look in = Make a quick visit
7) Look in on = Visit briefly to see if everything is alright
8) Look into = Investigate
9) Look on = Watch something like a crime without helping
10) Look on as = Consider, Regard
11) Look out = Be careful
12) Look over = Inspect
13) Look round = Inspect a house
14) Look to = Expect, Hope
15) Look up = Improve
16) Look up to = Respect
17) Look upon as = Consider, Regard

The website ‘Using English’ reports about 2,621 current English Phrasal Verbs (also called multi-word verbs) with definitions and examples. If you have a question about phrasal verbs, ask us about it in our

English Phrasal Verbs Forum.

The Oxford English Grammar identifies seven types of prepositional or phrasal verbs in English:

1) Intransitive Phrasal Verbs: Example Catch on = to understand
a) After attending the class Giri began to catch on (to the algorithm)
2) Transitive Phrasal Verbs: example Find out = to discover
a) After attending class Giri began to find out bugs
3) Mono-transitive Prepositional Verbs (Inseparable): example get around = to evade
a) Giri always gets around the procedure (Correct)
b) Giri always gets the procedure around the procedure (Not Correct)
4) Doubly-transitive Prepositional Verbs (Separable): example add up = to add
a) Giri added up the total on computer (Correct)
b) Giri added it up on computer (Not Correct)
5) Copular Prepositional Verbs. In English copula is considered as a special type of

verb. It serves as a connector between the subject of the given sentence and some sort of modifier. The best example of the copula is the verb to be, which most often serves to link the subject of the sentence with the predicate -- a part of the sentence which modifies the subject. Some examples of this use of to be is included at ‘Wisegeek’:

a) Can anything ever be enough?
b) The house is on top of the hill.
6) Monotransitive phrasal-prepositional verbs - example. look up to = respect, admire someone
a) Giri looks up to his father
7) Doubly transitive phrasal-prepositional verbs - example. put [something] down to [someone] = Give as an explanation
a) Giri didn't score many, but we can put that down to inexperience

Source:

1) Answers.com - phrasal-verb - http://www.answers.com/topic/phrasal-verb
2) Answers.com - Verb - http://www.answers.com/topic/verb3) Learn English - Phrasal Verbs - http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/verbphrasaltext.htm
4) Online Writing Lab (OWL) – Verb Tenses - http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/esltensverb.html
5) The Oxford English Grammar by Sidney Greenbaum ISBN10: 0198612508 hardback, 672 pages May 1996,
6) Using English – Phrasal Verb - http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/phrasal-verbs/
7) Wikipedia – Compound Verb – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_verb
8) Wisegeek – What is Cupola - http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-copula.htm

Compound Adjectives in English

Role of Adjectives

In the English language, adjectives are employed to modify nouns or pronouns i.e. adjectives are employed to describe nouns and pronouns. These word forms are most essential in that they enhance beauty to the written words.

Adjectives and Complex Concepts

You might have come across the usage of powerful and descriptive class of words to represent complex concepts. Consider the examples: an ice-cold lemonade, a six-sided die, a three-hour movie and a tight-fisted woman. The noun lemonade is modified to describe its ice-coldness. Similarly the noun woman is modified to describe her attitude. The nouns die and movie are modified to quantify their specifications.

Purpose of Using Adjectives

As told adjectives are employed to clearly modify or specify the noun in terms of its kind (example: Loud noise, Steady beat), its measurable quantity (Some work, Huge building), its specifiers (This book, That record) and its countable number (Three storey, Two door). You will typically find that an adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies.

Now we know that adjectives are picture words that provide better perception as to the quality of the noun or pronoun. These word forms are most essential in that they enhance beauty to the written words. Famous poets and prose writers employed a lot of adjectives to augment color and beauty to their creations. What is compound adjective? Compound adjective is a complex and challenging formation. It modifies the noun, with the two or more worded adjective phrase, to create a new adjective. The adjective phrase is usually written in with a hyphen (-). Its meaning is usually clear from the words it combines.

ADJECTIVE + PRESENT / PAST PARTICIPLE

Let us consider some examples:
1) Absent-minded = forgetful (The second part of the compound adjective is Past Participle)
2) Big-headed = proud of one’s self (The second part of the compound adjective is Past Participle)
3) Cold-blooded = a kind of classification of animals (The second part of the compound adjective is Past Participle)
4) Easy-going = easy unobstructed progress (The second part of the compound adjective is Present Participle)
5) Good-looking = attractive, beautiful (The second part of the compound adjective is Present Participle)
6) In-the-middle-aged = being roughly between 45 and 65 years old (The second part of the compound adjective is Past Participle)
7) Left-handed = having long legs (The second part of the compound adjective is Past Participle)
8) Quick-witted = intelligent (The second part of the compound adjective is Past Participle)
9) Thick-skinned = not easily offended (The second part of the compound adjective is Past Participle)
The second part of the compound adjective is usually a present participle or past participle.

ADJECTIVE + ADVERB + PRESENT / PAST PARTICIPLE

Let us consider some examples:
1) Far-reaching = Having a wide range, influence, or effect
2) Free-standing = Standing or operating independently of anything else
3) Good-looking = Of a pleasing or attractive appearance; handsome
4) Hard-wearing = Hard to beat
5) Labor-saving = Designed to replace or conserve human and especially manual labor
6) Long-lasting = Existing for a long time
7) Mouth-watering = Appealing to the sense of taste
8) Never-ending = Not ending
9) Record-breaking = Surpassing any previously established record

ADVERB +ADJECTIVE

The adverbs intensify the meaning of the adjectives they modify. Let us consider some examples:
1) Almost helpless
2) Extremely Painful
3) Quite fiercely
4) Rather selfish
5) So grateful
6) Very excited
7) Very remarkable

ADJECTIVE + NOUN

1) Busy Day = Engaged in activity throughout the day
2) Curly hair = Hair having curls
3) Deep-sea = of or taking place in the deeper parts of the sea
4) Friendly People = People having friendly attitude
5) Full-length = Showing or fitted to the entire length, especially of the human body or Of a normal or standard length
6) Last-minute = The period just before a significant or concluding moment such as a deadline, due date, or scheduled event
7) Lonely house = House located at a lonely place
8) Lovely person = Person having lovely manners
9) Prime Minister = Head of Cabinet of Ministers

NOUN + ADJECTIVE

1) Trouble-free = without problems or difficulties
2) Lead-free = not containing the element lead
3) World-famous = Most famous

NUMBER + NOUN + ADJECTIVE

1) Eleven-man team
2) Forty-mile Having forty miles distance
3) Four-Stroke = having four stroke
4) One-Eyed = having only one eye
5) One-layered disk = Disk having single layer
6) Single-Handed = done by one person
7) Six-and-a-half-year-old child = Child’s age
8) Six-Sided = having six sides
9) Sixteen-week semester = Duration of Semester
10) Three-legged stool = Stool having three legs
11) Three-storey house = House having three floors
12) Twenty-Page = Having twenty page
13) Two-bedroom flat
14) Two-car garage = Garage for parking two cars
15) Two-Stroke = engine having two strokes
16) Two-Door = Having two doors
17) Sweetheart = a person whom another loves

PLACE + NOUN/ADJECTIVE

1) Farm-fresh = Fresh from farms
2) Indian Bazaar = a specific place or market wherein you will find Indian shops, restaurants.
3) housewife = a married woman devoted to work for her family and attends all house hold activities at home
4) home-made = prepared at home, not bought from a shop

Number of Websites have attempted to organize the English Compound adjectives into digestible chunks. This article is just another attempt. It is a mere compilation. As a successful writer you may be knowing how to use these compound adjectives correctly. However I have slightly improved my grammar knowledge by attempting to write this piece.

Source:

1) BBC World Service – Learning English - http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnitv224.shtml
2)English Rules - Hyphens for Compound Adjectives -http://www.englishrules.com/writing/2005/hyphens-for-compound-adjectives.php
3) Knowledgebush - Compound noun and adjective http://knowledgerush.com/kr/encyclopedia/Compound_noun_and_adjective/
4) Using compound adjectives to give physical or metaphorical descriptions http://www.iei.uiuc.edu/structure/Structure1/haired.html
5) Wikipedia – English compound – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_compound
6) Your Dictionary - ESL Compound Adjective Worksheet -http://www.yourdictionary.com/esl/ESL-Compound-Adjective-Worksheet.html